{"id":27088,"date":"2023-12-18T23:43:33","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T23:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%A4%28%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%29%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E8%A9%B3%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E8%A7%A3%E8%AA%AC\/"},"modified":"2023-12-18T23:43:33","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T23:43:33","slug":"%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%A4%28%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%29%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E8%A9%B3%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E8%A7%A3%E8%AA%AC","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=27088","title":{"rendered":"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><div><h2>\u5c0e\u5165<\/h2><p>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u3001<b>\u5e73\u5747\u5024<\/b>\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f<b>\u91cf\u5b50\u671f\u5f85\u5024<\/b>\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\" class=\"aligncenter\" onerror=\"this.style.display=none;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/fmTQkxXJkEQ\/0.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;\"\/><\/figure><h2>\u904b\u7528\u4e0a\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/h2><p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=12092\">\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u3001<\/a><\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=48844\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684<\/a><\/span>\u6319\u52d5\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u8907\u6570\u56de\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=7352\">\u5b9f\u9a13<\/a><\/span>\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u540c\u3058\u306b\u306f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u518d\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u306a<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=3678\">\u91cf<\/a><\/span>\u306f\u3001\u591a\u6570<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=71097\">\u56de<\/a><\/span>\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3067\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5024\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=87799\">\u5e73\u5747<\/a><\/span>\u306b\u3059\u304e\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u91cf\u5b50<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=11998\">\u8ad6\u306f<\/a><\/span>\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u306e\u307f\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5e73\u5747\u306f\u3001<i>\u5e73\u5747\u5024<\/i>\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f<i>\u91cf\u5b50\u671f\u5f85\u5024<\/i>\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p>\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u306f\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a08\u3068\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306a\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=28052\">\u7570\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/a><\/span>\u3002<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\" class=\"aligncenter\" onerror=\"this.style.display=none;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/clWy9USya9I\/0.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;\"\/><\/figure><h2>\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8a00<\/h2><p>\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u72b6\u614b\u306f<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div>\u306f\u6b63\u306e\u7dda\u5f62\u6c4e\u95a2\u6570\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30aa\u30d6\u30b6\u30fc\u30d0\u30d6\u30eb\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u6b63\u898f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u306f C*-\u4ee3\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3088\u304f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u89b3\u6e2c\u5024\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066<span>\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/p><p><b>(6)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\langle A \\rangle_\\sigma = \\sigma(A)} $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p>\u30aa\u30d6\u30b6\u30fc\u30d0\u30d6\u30eb\u306e<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=26454\">\u4ee3\u6570\u304c<\/a><\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=58945\">\u30d2\u30eb\u30d9\u30eb\u30c8\u7a7a\u9593<\/a><\/span>\u4e0a\u3067\u9084\u5143\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div>\u306f<i>\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u95a2\u6570\u578b<\/i>\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a<span title=\"\u8d85\u4f4e\u4fa1\u683c (\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093)\">\u8d85\u5f31\u3044<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=76523\">\u30c8\u30dd\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc<\/a><\/span>\u3067\u306f\u9023\u7d9a\u578b\u3067\u3059\u3002 <\/p><dl><dd><div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\sigma (\\cdot) = \\mathrm{Tr} (\\rho \\; \\cdot)} $$<\/div><\/dd><\/dl><p>\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6<i>\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b9\u30af\u30e9\u30b9<\/i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=21882\">\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50<\/a><\/span>\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\rho} $$<\/div>\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b9<b>1<\/b>\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u5f0f<b>(5)<\/b>\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7d14\u6b63\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\rho= |\\psi\\rangle\\langle\\psi|} $$<\/div>\u5358\u4f4d<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=66129\">\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb<\/a><\/span>\u4e0a\u306e<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=53913\">\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30bf\u30fc<\/a><\/span>\u3067\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div> \u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma = \\langle \\psi |\\cdot \\; \\psi\\rangle} $$<\/div>\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u5f0f<b>(1)<\/b>\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 <\/p><p><div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u306f<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=49179\">\u30a8\u30eb\u30df\u30fc\u30c8<\/a><\/span>\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306f<span>\u5b8c\u5168\u306b<\/span>\u96e2\u6563\u7684\u3067\u3082\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9023\u7d9a\u7684\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=95765\">\u307e\u3060<\/a><\/span>\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=4434\">\u5206\u89e3<\/a><\/span><\/p><dl><dd><div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {A = \\int a \\, \\mathrm{d}P(a)} $$<\/div><\/dd><\/dl><p>\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u5024\u6e2c\u5b9a\u4ed8\u304d<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle P} $$<\/div> \u3002\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3067<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma=\\langle\\psi | \\cdot \\, \\psi \\rangle} $$<\/div><\/p><dl><dd><div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\langle A \\rangle_\\sigma = \\int a \\; \\mathrm{d} \\langle \\psi | P(a) \\psi\\rangle} $$<\/div> \u3001<\/dd><\/dl><p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u5f0f<b>(2)<\/b>\u3068<b>(4)<\/b>\u306e\u5171\u901a\u306e<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=7924\">\u4e00\u822c\u5316<\/a><\/span>\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p>\u6709\u9650\u6570\u306e\u7c92\u5b50\u306e\u975e\u76f8\u5bfe\u8ad6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6 (<i>\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u306f<\/i>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66) \u3067\u306f\u3001\u8003\u616e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6b63\u898f\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u306f\u3001\u975e\u6b63\u898f\u72b6\u614b\u3082\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7121\u9650\u5a92\u8cea\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u7d71\u8a08<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=19376\">\u529b\u5b66<\/a><\/span>\u3067\u306f KMS \u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5f62\u3067\u3001 <span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=45036\">\u5834\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u8377\u96fb\u72b6\u614b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a><\/span>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u306f\u3088\u308a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u5f0f<b>(6)<\/b>\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\" class=\"aligncenter\" onerror=\"this.style.display=none;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/oo1tlvP1Ruw\/0.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;\"\/><\/figure><h2>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/h2><p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u88c5\u7f6e\u306f\u89b3\u6e2c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u6e2c\u5b9a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u72b6\u614b<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div>\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u3002\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u5dde\u5185\u3067<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div>\u6ce8\u76ee\u3055\u308c\u308b<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\langle A \\rangle_\\sigma.} $$<\/div><\/p><p>\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u306f\u30d2\u30eb\u30d9\u30eb\u30c8\u7a7a\u9593\u4e0a\u306e\u30a8\u30eb\u30df\u30fc\u30c8\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div>\u6b63\u898f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div>\u30d2\u30eb\u30d9\u30eb\u30c8\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u3002\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u5dde\u5185\u3067<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div>\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/p><p><b>(1)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\langle A \\rangle_\\psi = \\langle \\psi | A | \\psi \\rangle } $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=5554\">\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30af\u30b9\u3092<\/a><\/span>\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306f<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=82055\">\u6642\u9593<\/a><\/span>\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div>\u30aa\u30da\u30ec\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u304c<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u30b7\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30bc\u30f3\u30d9\u30eb\u30af\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u306e\u6642\u9593\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u306f\u3053\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u306f\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p><p>\u3082\u3057<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u56fa\u6709\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u7cfb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\phi_j} $$<\/div> \u3001\u56fa\u6709\u5024\u4ed8\u304d<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle a_j} $$<\/div> \u3001 <b>(1) \u3092<\/b>\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u518d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p> <b>(2)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\langle A \\rangle_\\psi = \\sum_j a_j |\\langle \\psi | \\phi_j \\rangle|^2 } $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p>\u3053\u306e\u5f0f\u306f<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=95339\">\u7b97\u8853\u5e73\u5747<\/a><\/span>\u306b\u4f3c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e<span><a href=\"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/?p=54039\">\u7269\u7406\u7684<\/a><\/span>\u610f\u5473\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059: \u56fa\u6709\u5024<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle  a_j} $$<\/div>\u306f\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u4fc2\u6570\u3067\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle |\\langle \\psi | \\phi_j \\rangle|^2} $$<\/div>\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u7387\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001<i>\u9077\u79fb\u78ba\u7387<\/i>\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div>\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\phi_j} $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p>\u7279\u306b\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A} $$<\/div>\u306f\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u56fa\u6709\u5024\u306f<b>0<\/b>\u3068<b>1<\/b>\u306e\u307f\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u306b<i>\u300c\u306f\u3044\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u3044\u3044\u3048\u300d\u306e<\/i>\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle A^2\\,=\\,A} $$<\/div> \u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p> <b>(3)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\langle A \\rangle_\\psi = \\| A \\psi \\|^2} $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306a\u3069\u3001\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u96e2\u6563\u7684\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3082\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle Q} $$<\/div>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306b\u306f\u56fa\u6709\u5024\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306f<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi} $$<\/div>\u8907\u7d20\u6570\u5024\u95a2\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\psi(x)} $$<\/div>\u306e\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u4e0a\u3067<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle Q} $$<\/div> (\u901a\u5e38\u306f\u5b9f\u6570\u8ef8)\u3002\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u304c\u66f8\u304d\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p> <b>(4)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\langle Q \\rangle_\\psi = \\int \\, x \\, |\\psi(x)|^2 \\, dx} $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><p>\u30e2\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306b\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u5f0f\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle P} $$<\/div> \u3001\u9023\u7d9a\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u3002<\/p><p>\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u5f0f\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3001\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306e\u307f\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\sigma} $$<\/div> \u3002\u7279\u306b\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u306f<i>\u6df7\u5408\u72b6\u614b<\/i>\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6<i>\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b9\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50<\/i>\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u307e\u3059<div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ {\\scriptstyle \\rho = \\sum_i \\rho_i | \\psi_i \\rangle \\langle \\psi_i |} $$<\/div>\u3053\u308c\u3092<i>\u7d71\u8a08\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50<\/i>\u307e\u305f\u306f<i>\u5bc6\u5ea6\u884c\u5217<\/i>\u3068\u547c\u3073\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p> <b>(5)<\/b> <div class=\"math-formual notranslate\">$$ { \\langle A \\rangle_\\rho = \\mathrm{Tr} (\\rho A) =  \\sum_i \\rho_i \\langle \\psi_i | A | \\psi_i \\rangle = \\sum_i \\rho_i \\langle A \\rangle_{\\psi_i} } $$<\/div> \u3002<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\" class=\"aligncenter\" onerror=\"this.style.display=none;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/YID8MfuWQ9Q\/0.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;\"\/><\/figure><h2 class=\"ref_link\">\u53c2\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<\/h2><ol><li><a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erwartungswert#Quantenmechanischer_Erwartungswert\">Erwartungswert \u2013 allemand<\/a><\/li><li> <a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expectation_value_(quantum_mechanics)\">Expectation value (quantum mechanics) \u2013 anglais<\/a><\/li><li> <a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valor_esperado_(mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica)\">Valor esperado (mec\u00e1nica cu\u00e1ntica) \u2013 espagnol<\/a><\/li><li> <a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D)\">\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05ea\u05e6\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea (\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd) \u2013 h\u00e9breu<\/a><\/li><li> <a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)\">\u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430) \u2013 russe<\/a><\/li><li> <a class=\"notranslate\" href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)\">\u041e\u0447\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f (\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430) \u2013 ukrainien<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"feature-video\">\n <h2>\n  \u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\u30fb\u95a2\u9023\u52d5\u753b\n <\/h2>\n <div class=\"video-item\">\n  \n  <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n   <div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n    <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66 521\u89b3\u6e2c\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3068\u9077\u79fb\u78ba\u7387\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5o5hcIIOU7w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n   <\/div>\n  <\/figure>\n  \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5c0e\u5165 \u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u91cf\u5b50\u671f\u5f85\u5024\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u904b\u7528\u4e0a\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9 \u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6319\u52d5\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u8907\u6570\u56de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27089,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/s3uQk3pF3wo\/0.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"\u5e73\u5747\u5024 (\u91cf\u5b50)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[11,13,14,10,6014,12,9993,28482,8,16,15,9,2314],"class_list":["post-27088","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dictionary","tag-techniques","tag-technologie","tag-news","tag-actualite","tag-valeur","tag-dossier","tag-moyenne","tag-valeur-moyenne-quantique","tag-definition","tag-sciences","tag-article","tag-explications","tag-quantique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27088"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=27088"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27088\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/27089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=27088"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=27088"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-hub.click\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=27088"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}